WEBVTT 00:04.992 --> 00:05.953 Good evening, everyone. 00:06.453 --> 00:10.958 Welcome to our live broadcast. 00:22.328 --> 00:23.930 Got the audio working again. 00:25.952 --> 00:29.515 Back to the old location for that. 00:30.956 --> 00:34.780 So if you don't want to go on YouTube and you want to listen 00:36.582 --> 00:37.804 Remember this URL. 00:39.786 --> 00:42.390 Posted it in the chat on our site. 00:46.515 --> 00:48.558 If you open that up, you'll get the audio. 00:58.551 --> 01:02.096 So tonight, we're looking at the number. 01:02.176 --> 01:06.522 It's Anguttara Nikaya, Book of Sri, Sutra 61. 01:11.783 --> 01:16.688 Looking at the idea of what you know versus what you believe. 01:19.030 --> 01:20.612 Belief versus knowledge. 01:23.815 --> 01:24.936 That's really the core of this. 01:25.256 --> 01:41.672 And I've touched on this idea before, that this is really an important aspect of the Buddha's teaching, the difference between a belief and knowledge. 01:44.909 --> 01:54.361 Because if you say, I believe something, I believe X, it doesn't say anything yet about whether X is true. 01:56.964 --> 01:59.247 It's not a false statement necessarily. 01:59.507 --> 02:02.351 It could easily be true that you believe something. 02:03.613 --> 02:05.795 It doesn't mean that that something is in any way true. 02:09.660 --> 02:11.963 And we lose sight of this with our views. 02:13.715 --> 02:20.666 we easily fall into the trap of thinking that it's enough to believe something. 02:22.428 --> 02:24.191 I believe this, I believe that. 02:26.014 --> 02:34.687 And then we act according to that belief, which is somewhat dangerous and reckless. 02:37.311 --> 02:39.975 Because a belief is in and of itself meaningless. 02:44.933 --> 02:48.117 And it can very well be that that which you believe is false. 02:49.319 --> 02:55.748 In which case, acting according to that belief would be troublesome, to say the least. 02:57.771 --> 02:58.792 We have lots of beliefs. 02:58.812 --> 03:03.438 We have many beliefs about what's right and wrong. 03:04.139 --> 03:06.723 We have beliefs about what's true and what's false. 03:08.225 --> 03:10.468 And beliefs about self and soul. 03:22.666 --> 03:31.739 And we have many questions as well that we try to find answers to. 03:36.707 --> 03:40.673 And the answers we come to come to be our views, our beliefs. 03:42.035 --> 03:43.577 So questions about 03:45.532 --> 03:46.153 Why? 03:46.213 --> 03:48.576 Why things are the way they are? 03:48.616 --> 03:52.901 One of the biggest questions for humans, right, is why? 03:52.921 --> 03:57.466 This was always a big one for me when I was growing up. 03:57.526 --> 03:57.926 Why? 03:59.148 --> 04:00.770 Why do I suffer the way I do? 04:04.654 --> 04:04.934 Why? 04:04.975 --> 04:08.839 It's a very important human question. 04:10.321 --> 04:13.424 And it's one that we consider to be incredibly important. 04:14.245 --> 04:16.247 Why things are the way they are. 04:16.267 --> 04:17.168 We want answers. 04:18.710 --> 04:22.474 It's kind of funny, honestly, because it's not really an important question. 04:25.157 --> 04:27.199 It's not really the most important question. 04:30.563 --> 04:33.426 Because who cares why things are the way they are, honestly? 04:36.730 --> 04:39.654 The real question is, how do I change things? 04:39.994 --> 04:41.296 How do I make things better? 04:41.777 --> 04:46.042 How do I free myself from the situation? 04:46.062 --> 04:49.747 So there's some connection there. 04:50.768 --> 05:00.481 If you knew why things were the way they are, you could act in such a way so that they wouldn't be this way in the future, right? 05:00.501 --> 05:06.028 But it's funny because the answers we come up with, like the three answers that are given in this sutta, 05:09.738 --> 05:32.074 There are some, Buddha says, there are some ascetics and Brahmins who hold a doctrine such as whatever a person experiences, whatever happens to them, good things, bad things, pleasure, pain, neither pleasure nor pain, all that is caused by what was done in the past. 05:33.456 --> 05:34.598 This is determinism. 05:35.573 --> 05:38.964 Listen up, those of you who believe the universe is deterministic. 05:39.667 --> 05:44.503 I mean, there's no proof offered that it isn't, but there's definitely a criticism of it. 05:49.208 --> 06:12.133 As a cause is caused by that which was done before. 06:13.595 --> 06:14.035 Everything. 06:18.740 --> 06:20.903 All of who we are now is caused by the past. 06:20.923 --> 06:22.845 This is what some people mistake Buddhism for. 06:23.506 --> 06:25.869 They hear about karma and they think, well, everything's karma. 06:27.191 --> 06:30.676 That must mean determinism, right? 06:30.696 --> 06:31.757 No, the Buddha didn't say. 06:31.777 --> 06:33.379 The Buddha wasn't addressing that view. 06:34.401 --> 06:35.983 He wasn't addressing that question. 06:39.227 --> 06:44.214 He wasn't addressing this idea of free will or determinism with karma. 06:44.234 --> 06:45.996 He wasn't looking at the universe that way. 06:47.022 --> 06:50.266 He didn't ever answer whether we have free will or we're deterministic. 06:50.306 --> 06:53.270 In fact, he was just critical of these views. 06:56.674 --> 06:57.716 And here's his criticism. 06:57.736 --> 07:12.034 If you believe that what you experience is caused by what is done in the past, then he asks them, or he says to them, well, 07:13.820 --> 07:17.266 And all the bad things that you do are caused by something in the past. 07:17.366 --> 07:25.078 You have no control over whether you do bad deeds, a person who kills or steals or lies or cheats. 07:25.098 --> 07:26.360 How could you fix things? 07:26.601 --> 07:28.063 How could you become a better person? 07:28.544 --> 07:31.508 There's no room for progress. 07:32.410 --> 07:33.752 A person gets better just 07:35.183 --> 07:39.209 like a robot, just by chance, really. 07:40.171 --> 07:45.539 Do you happen to be the part of this deterministic universe that's going to improve? 07:45.559 --> 07:47.462 Well, then you'll improve. 07:47.482 --> 07:49.105 It's really a scary sort of view. 07:50.026 --> 07:55.475 It locks you into a fate. 07:55.495 --> 07:58.420 Why come and meditate then, right? 07:58.440 --> 08:00.583 I mean, there's no why anymore. 08:02.200 --> 08:03.562 You can't do anything. 08:04.684 --> 08:05.725 It makes us impotent. 08:07.268 --> 08:10.753 And what it actually leads to is that view changes people. 08:11.775 --> 08:24.394 Having that view leads people to be complacent, leads people to wallow in their evil, to not improve, to not think about meditation, to not think about bettering themselves, and to actually become degraded because they 08:24.374 --> 08:54.178 follow you know if they like something they say well that's just look at me doing what I'm set to do and thinking that way they get worse and worse just wallow in their unwholesomeness they become coarse individual determinists don't tend to don't tend towards goodness not not in general there's a real problem there 08:59.238 --> 09:08.075 And it's only an abstraction because if you look at your experience, your reality, you can make decisions. 09:09.237 --> 09:11.642 There is decision making. 09:11.662 --> 09:18.154 So the question of whether that decision making is deterministic or whether there's free will is an abstract. 09:18.174 --> 09:19.056 It's an abstraction. 09:19.216 --> 09:21.060 It's nothing to do with what's actually happening. 09:22.728 --> 09:24.612 It's creating something out of nothing. 09:25.433 --> 09:30.803 The framework required to have free will or determinism is just the abstract thought. 09:31.484 --> 09:32.466 It's not reality. 09:33.428 --> 09:38.037 Reality doesn't admit of that sort of idea or that sort of concept. 09:38.057 --> 09:41.243 So this is something that is not in the realm of knowledge. 09:41.864 --> 09:43.487 It's not in the realm of experience. 09:46.049 --> 09:47.811 So the Buddha criticizes this view. 09:48.211 --> 09:50.774 Don't let anyone say that Buddhism is deterministic. 09:50.794 --> 09:52.195 Buddha was critical of this. 09:53.156 --> 09:56.940 He didn't say yes or no because it's not a part of reality. 09:59.402 --> 10:00.623 It's not a part of his teachings. 10:03.065 --> 10:15.077 The second view is some religious people hold that whatever a person experiences, this is caused by God's creative activity. 10:28.912 --> 10:36.728 So they think that God created the universe, and some religious people believe that we're all just going according to God's plan. 10:39.353 --> 10:44.223 Most people like to add the idea of free will, which is, we'll come to that. 10:45.446 --> 10:49.975 But the idea that there is God's plan, we're all part of God's plan, is really 10:51.794 --> 10:59.225 It's problematic simply from the point of view we don't have any evidence for the existence of such a being. 11:02.850 --> 11:19.354 And beyond that, if we did, or if it was the case that this God had created everything, then they would be responsible for all the atrocities that have been committed. 11:20.836 --> 11:25.061 The Buddha said it's due to God that you kill and steal and lie and cheat. 11:25.101 --> 11:33.091 You're full of longing, full of ill will, full of holding wrong views. 11:35.915 --> 11:45.747 And so again, those who believe that this is part of God's plan tend to be lazy, have no desire to do what should be done or avoid what should not be done. 11:47.144 --> 11:52.041 Even people in Christianity, for example, really hard on the Christians. 11:53.860 --> 11:59.705 there's the idea that Jesus died for our sins. 12:00.886 --> 12:15.559 And so we bear our own cross, and of course Christianity is a huge religion, but for many Christians, Jesus saves you, Jesus died for our sins, so we don't have to suffer for them. 12:15.579 --> 12:19.942 If we believe in Jesus Christ, all of our sins will be exonerated. 12:21.063 --> 12:22.905 Which of course is an incredible thing, 12:22.885 --> 12:39.173 incredibly irresponsible sort of belief because it opens the door to anyone to do anything and be safe in the knowledge of absolution. 12:40.688 --> 12:42.751 That's really a terrible sort of religious view. 12:42.851 --> 12:48.500 And it's something that we should all be quite shocked at, rather than just accepting. 12:48.541 --> 12:50.864 This isn't a wholesome view. 12:50.904 --> 12:55.992 This idea of absolution, of getting into heaven free, is God free. 12:58.597 --> 13:07.050 Because while Christians might deny the fact that, well, a serial rapist would get into heaven, or maybe not. 13:08.600 --> 13:35.586 But there are certainly many indulgences that are undertaken by Christians under the feeling that Christians and other religious people who believe in the salvation, this idea of salvation through another, 13:39.886 --> 13:41.328 that they do engage in. 13:42.169 --> 13:45.092 And from a Buddhist point of view, this is incredibly problematic. 13:45.132 --> 14:02.952 This sort of idea is the breeding ground of evil, and it's certainly going to keep a great number of people out of heaven and away from freedom from suffering, away from Nibbana and Nirvana. 14:02.972 --> 14:04.073 So that's the second view. 14:05.335 --> 14:07.277 The third view is the view that 14:15.627 --> 14:22.621 The view that whatever a person experiences, all that is without a cause. 14:24.525 --> 14:26.669 And this is the idea of free will, I would say. 14:27.931 --> 14:34.063 You could either just say it's random, but no, it seems to be uncaused. 14:34.484 --> 14:37.450 The idea that they're uncaused, everything is uncaused. 14:45.952 --> 14:51.140 Because free will is really an odd sort of concept. 14:52.181 --> 15:09.025 Because pure free will would be suggesting that, as the Buddha is going to suggest to you, that there's no rhyme or reason to anything. 15:09.606 --> 15:15.655 If you actually believe in free will, what you're saying is that we don't have any rhyme or reason for the things that we do. 15:19.128 --> 15:45.203 And so to talk about free will is to ignore the actual causes that bring about killing and stealing and lying and cheating, greed, anger, delusion, wrong view, because these things are caused. 15:46.432 --> 15:47.273 There are causes. 15:47.333 --> 15:51.638 And if you ignore the cause, then you can never hope to be free from them. 15:52.399 --> 16:00.990 If you think, like many people do, that you have the free will to get angry, the free will to have greed, Buddha says you're muddle-minded. 16:01.230 --> 16:02.431 You don't see clearly. 16:02.472 --> 16:06.396 And how could you possibly be free from these things? 16:06.456 --> 16:07.458 Because they are cause. 16:07.718 --> 16:08.659 They are instigated. 16:10.327 --> 16:12.069 There is a reason why we get angry. 16:12.770 --> 16:20.040 It's not something you can just turn on or off as we so erroneously think. 16:24.246 --> 16:40.047 And what a meditator sees quite clearly, trying to turn off the pain, trying to turn off the frustration, trying to turn off the desires, the wants, the agitation, trying to turn off the mind, trying to stop the mind from thinking. 16:43.368 --> 16:50.977 So if you've heard the reputation of these three, I think it might be a little bit confusing, because now you think, well, what does the Buddha believe? 16:52.899 --> 16:59.527 And this is really the point of this whole discussion, is that the Buddha didn't hold these sorts of beliefs. 17:00.268 --> 17:04.853 As far as we understand, he didn't entertain this whole framework. 17:06.875 --> 17:09.178 He said, these are reproachable. 17:09.458 --> 17:11.561 These sorts of views you can criticize. 17:11.661 --> 17:22.775 Anybody who wades into this argument of free will determinism or whatever, God, self, they get stuck. 17:22.876 --> 17:24.658 They get entangled. 17:27.041 --> 17:30.405 And they open themselves up to censure because you can't know these things. 17:30.485 --> 17:32.528 These things have nothing to do with reality. 17:34.297 --> 17:44.213 So the Buddha says, I teach that which is unrefuted, undefiled, irreproachable, and uncensored by wise ascetics and Brahmins. 17:48.379 --> 17:50.643 And that's an important claim. 17:50.683 --> 17:53.908 And it's sort of 17:57.365 --> 18:25.549 sense the tone of the Buddha's teaching that he is careful to stay within that which can be that which can be proven that which is free from any sort of criticism criticism by those who know those who know the truth of course anyone can criticize anything but when investigated 18:27.655 --> 18:30.361 One can see that it's irreproachable. 18:32.867 --> 18:33.648 That's the idea. 18:33.688 --> 18:42.508 That's the sort of the thought with which we approach the Buddha's teaching. 18:44.750 --> 18:47.053 We stay within that which we can prove. 18:47.073 --> 18:48.715 And that's what meditation is all about. 18:49.456 --> 18:51.959 Don't think or believe anything. 18:53.060 --> 18:53.821 Look and see. 18:53.881 --> 18:58.867 You see, I believe that I believe I have a self, a soul. 18:58.927 --> 18:59.888 I believe in God. 18:59.908 --> 19:04.974 I believe I can control my mind. 19:04.994 --> 19:07.577 I believe I can turn off the greed, the anger. 19:08.799 --> 19:12.083 I believe my mind continues from moment to moment. 19:12.103 --> 19:14.706 None of these beliefs, a belief is no good to us. 19:16.087 --> 19:16.849 Look and see. 19:16.889 --> 19:20.077 That's all you have to do. 19:20.097 --> 19:21.160 Once you see, you'll know. 19:21.200 --> 19:25.070 And so what did the Buddha teach? 19:25.271 --> 19:26.975 This is the interesting part here. 19:28.279 --> 19:30.805 What actually did the Buddha teach that was irrefutable? 19:41.703 --> 19:45.049 Here we have a list of actually four things that the Buddha taught. 19:45.069 --> 19:48.515 One, two, three, four. 19:48.535 --> 19:49.857 He taught the six elements. 19:51.981 --> 19:54.145 He taught the six bases of contact. 19:55.647 --> 19:58.692 He taught the 18 mental examinations. 20:00.275 --> 20:06.546 And he taught the four noble truths. 20:08.213 --> 20:19.087 contrast the above teachings the teachings of most religious people which turn out to be belief and view and the teachings of the Buddha what did the Buddha teach? 20:20.250 --> 20:21.835 the Buddha taught the six elements 20:23.620 --> 20:25.023 It's such a different type of teaching. 20:25.063 --> 20:25.844 It's not a claim. 20:26.846 --> 20:27.928 It's not a belief. 20:29.090 --> 20:30.353 You taught that there are six elements. 20:30.433 --> 20:32.577 So tell me whether you can refute this. 20:33.258 --> 20:41.954 The earth element, the water element, the fire element, the air element, the space element, and the consciousness element. 20:41.974 --> 20:42.355 Refute it. 20:43.657 --> 20:46.202 You might refute and say, well, the four elements, those aren't real. 20:48.190 --> 20:56.543 And you'd be right if you were looking at things in terms of the external physicalist point of view, right? 20:56.563 --> 20:59.748 We've broken down the elements into hundreds of them. 21:00.650 --> 21:03.474 And even those elements are made up of subatomic particles. 21:03.494 --> 21:07.441 But Buddhism doesn't look at reality that way. 21:08.923 --> 21:11.627 In Buddhism, we look at reality from an experience point of view. 21:11.647 --> 21:13.270 And if you sit and close your eyes, 21:15.325 --> 21:19.809 call them what you like, you'll experience three of these four elements. 21:20.630 --> 21:24.453 The fourth one is understood. 21:24.493 --> 21:28.057 So the air element, you'll experience tension. 21:28.477 --> 21:30.519 When your stomach rises, there's tension. 21:31.640 --> 21:33.622 When it falls, there's the release of tension. 21:33.682 --> 21:34.983 In your back, there's tension. 21:35.003 --> 21:36.464 There's tension throughout your body. 21:38.046 --> 21:41.489 The fire element, you'll feel hot sometimes, cold sometimes. 21:41.609 --> 21:42.750 That's the fire element. 21:44.063 --> 21:52.538 The earth element, you'll feel hardness and softness, hardness when you're on the wooden floor, softness when you're on a cushion. 21:55.222 --> 21:59.971 Cohesion, the water element, is that things stick together. 22:01.553 --> 22:06.021 And you don't actually experience it, even though it appears that you can be aware of it. 22:07.925 --> 22:12.771 The space element, well, there is space in between these elements, right? 22:12.791 --> 22:20.541 If you lift your foot off the floor, suddenly there's no longer contact with the floor, which means there's space. 22:22.244 --> 22:37.003 And consciousness is the awareness of things, the awareness of your foot, the awareness of your stomach, and the awareness of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, feeling, thinking. 22:38.873 --> 22:41.577 This is the sort of thing the Buddha taught. 22:41.598 --> 22:45.664 I was talking to some Christians because they'd like to come up to me. 22:45.684 --> 22:49.611 They see me as a lost sheep to be. 22:49.651 --> 22:57.404 And they have to do their duty to try and see whether they can bring me closer to their beliefs. 22:58.546 --> 23:01.270 It's kind of amusing, really. 23:01.250 --> 23:06.838 Because what I said to them was, I said, well, you know, what did Jesus really teach? 23:06.878 --> 23:10.102 How many words of Jesus are there in the Bible? 23:10.122 --> 23:11.364 I looked it up once. 23:11.384 --> 23:13.387 I think it was, it's not very many. 23:14.589 --> 23:16.031 And they said, oh, there's lots of words. 23:16.051 --> 23:16.832 You know, he taught a lot. 23:16.872 --> 23:20.297 I said, well, the teachings of a Buddha can fill a bookshelf. 23:21.498 --> 23:25.184 And they said, oh, well, they kind of mumbled something. 23:25.224 --> 23:30.531 I didn't really understand that they accepted that discrepancy. 23:30.950 --> 23:32.653 I mean, there's a real discrepancy. 23:32.673 --> 23:40.047 The Buddha didn't beat around the bush or give some nice sounding platitudes. 23:41.350 --> 23:43.834 There's very little of the Buddha's teaching that is quotable, right? 23:44.796 --> 23:46.359 You wouldn't quote this on Facebook. 23:46.379 --> 23:53.312 These are the six elements, the earth element, the water element, the fire element, the air element, the space element, and the consciousness element. 23:53.292 --> 23:55.515 It's not a Facebook quote. 23:55.535 --> 23:56.936 But it's so much more profound. 23:56.996 --> 23:59.559 It's profound in a way that most people just miss. 24:00.400 --> 24:01.682 They think, well, yeah, that's simple. 24:03.644 --> 24:05.086 And it's a shame that they think that. 24:06.427 --> 24:17.880 Because when you learn this, when you actually see this, if you can actually experience these elements and experience that as the truth, there's so much more to see. 24:17.980 --> 24:19.502 Everything works itself out. 24:22.435 --> 24:23.296 That's the first one. 24:23.316 --> 24:25.500 The six bases of contact is the second one. 24:26.641 --> 24:31.168 So the contact of the eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue, the body, and the mind. 24:31.468 --> 24:32.069 Refute that. 24:33.632 --> 24:36.876 This isn't something that you can say, ah, no, that's not real. 24:36.896 --> 24:37.517 It's not true. 24:37.657 --> 24:38.338 You don't actually. 24:38.358 --> 24:39.280 There's no seeing. 24:40.221 --> 24:40.882 There's no hearing. 24:40.942 --> 24:45.469 Smelling, tasting, feeling, thinking. 24:46.651 --> 24:47.532 There's no contact. 24:51.680 --> 24:55.648 The third one is the 18 mental examinations. 24:58.654 --> 24:59.576 What the heck is that? 25:00.898 --> 25:02.521 Well, it's based on the six senses. 25:03.223 --> 25:12.962 When you see something with the eye, what is examination here? 25:20.063 --> 25:45.193 I don't think examines one yeah maybe examines one cognizes or you know 25:46.557 --> 25:50.982 gets caught up in, busies oneself with, maybe is a better one. 25:54.106 --> 25:54.827 Ponders. 25:56.148 --> 26:00.653 So when one sees something, sometimes it's a basis for joy. 26:00.713 --> 26:06.640 You see something beautiful, you see a good friend, you see some delicious food. 26:08.763 --> 26:10.785 When you see it, then there's a basis of joy. 26:10.885 --> 26:12.447 And so one gets caught up in that. 26:14.468 --> 26:20.337 Another sight you might see as a basis for dejection, for aversion. 26:20.878 --> 26:25.505 You see someone you don't like, or you see a skunk, for example. 26:25.545 --> 26:27.808 You've got a skunk on back, apparently. 26:30.833 --> 26:33.096 It leads to fear or aversion. 26:35.379 --> 26:38.544 And then certain things that you see are the basis for equanimity. 26:39.305 --> 26:42.450 Most things you see just give rise to equanimity. 26:44.152 --> 26:47.557 Same with sounds and smells and tastes and feelings and thoughts. 26:50.861 --> 26:56.329 And this is all laying the framework, laying the foundation for what's really important. 26:57.330 --> 27:00.695 Because this is where the problems arise. 27:00.975 --> 27:05.822 This is where the challenges, this is where the learning takes place. 27:05.802 --> 27:11.388 It's so perfect, this foundation that the Buddha is laying down. 27:13.251 --> 27:14.832 First he talks about reality. 27:14.872 --> 27:16.354 Reality is the six elements. 27:17.375 --> 27:20.659 And then based on the six elements, you have the six senses. 27:21.580 --> 27:32.012 Based on the six senses, you have desire, aversion, joy, aversion, liking, disliking, and you have equanimity. 27:34.574 --> 27:46.868 And as you watch this in meditation, as you see your reactions to experiences, you start to see that this is where the problem is. 27:46.888 --> 27:49.131 And so based on this, we have the Four Noble Truths. 27:53.676 --> 28:03.687 That all these things, the Four Noble Truths, the first one, that all these things that we experience, all of these things are unsatisfying. 28:04.983 --> 28:08.814 just at the least, direct suffering at the worst. 28:10.719 --> 28:14.349 They're only a cause for suffering because they can never satisfy us. 28:14.369 --> 28:15.352 We can never fix them. 28:15.392 --> 28:20.646 We can never be satisfied, satiated by them. 28:28.203 --> 28:47.983 And so the reason for suffering turns out to be not the experiences that we have, but the craving for them, the attachment to them, the clinging to them, the desiring for things to be a certain way, this way or that way, when they can't, when they are not amenable to our desires. 28:51.592 --> 28:54.976 So sitting in meditation, our experience is just experience. 28:56.038 --> 29:02.987 If you have stress and suffering in your meditation, it's only because of your reactions. 29:05.730 --> 29:07.793 And that's really what we're trying to change. 29:07.993 --> 29:15.743 We're trying to see things so clearly that we no longer react to them, even seeing our reactions clearly so we don't react to our reactions. 29:18.710 --> 29:20.693 And that leads to the cessation of suffering. 29:20.753 --> 29:27.082 Once you let go, once you stop reacting, stop looking, stop seeking, then you have no suffering. 29:31.529 --> 29:45.409 And so the path to freedom from suffering is just to see things clearly, to cultivate clear awareness, mindfulness, by using effort and concentration and all the other good parts of the Eightfold Noble Path. 29:48.815 --> 29:50.538 The Buddha said, this is irreproachable. 29:50.918 --> 29:52.882 This is unrefuted, undefiled. 29:54.444 --> 29:56.428 Undefiled, there's no ulterior motives. 29:56.548 --> 30:05.803 There's nothing in there that's based on someone's partiality or bias or unsubstantiated views. 30:07.566 --> 30:11.953 It's completely based on simple experience. 30:13.452 --> 30:17.839 The Buddha's teaching is just this simple medicine. 30:17.879 --> 30:21.244 It's like using salt to cure a wound. 30:21.424 --> 30:22.706 Salt is such a simple thing. 30:23.307 --> 30:25.671 But salt is such a powerful medicine. 30:27.834 --> 30:29.437 It's an antibiotic. 30:31.800 --> 30:36.928 I mean, using salt as an antibiotic, for example. 30:40.857 --> 30:49.708 Buddha's teaching is this very simple, very simple concept that ends up curing all of the sicknesses in the mind. 30:51.571 --> 30:54.555 So there's not much to teach or explain about meditation. 30:54.615 --> 30:59.221 There's just so much to do, so much to see, so much to investigate. 31:05.409 --> 31:07.191 All right, so that's the Dhamma for tonight. 31:08.973 --> 31:10.155 Thank you all for tuning in. 31:12.768 --> 31:14.430 If you have questions, I'll take them now. 31:19.494 --> 31:20.235 I have questions. 31:21.136 --> 31:21.756 Hi, Bonte. 31:21.936 --> 31:27.902 I want to keep the eight precepts once a week, as I've read that keeping them on holy days brings about a heavenly rebirth. 31:28.763 --> 31:39.973 But for the sixth precept on not eating at improper times, is it acceptable to eat less rigid, as I tend to eat lunch late around 1 instead of 12, and not eat anything after that? 31:40.730 --> 31:42.936 Also, how about not sleeping on high beds? 31:43.417 --> 31:49.753 Can I still share the bed with my husband, though no precept is broken on in celibacy? 31:51.277 --> 31:51.938 You guys can go. 31:51.958 --> 31:53.101 No, you don't have to. 31:53.121 --> 31:55.026 You're probably better not to stay for the questions. 32:11.813 --> 32:37.281 keeping the holy days in and of itself won't I wouldn't say would lead to heaven but it's a really good thing and it's something that you know hedging your bets it's a good bet if you're looking to go to heaven not just because you're doing something good once a week but because you're keeping a tradition you know you're keeping an ancient 32:38.307 --> 32:40.811 following the ancient tradition of the Buddha. 32:41.592 --> 32:42.994 We have an ancient text. 32:43.034 --> 32:45.979 So it gives you a great confidence to know that you're doing that. 32:47.622 --> 32:56.215 But the problem is the rules are somewhat, with any rules, they're just artifices. 32:57.494 --> 33:01.559 And the rules do say dawn to midday is the only time you can eat. 33:01.579 --> 33:05.564 So if you eat after midday, you've broken the sixth precept. 33:06.425 --> 33:09.689 So if it's less rigid, you're not actually keeping the eight precepts. 33:10.871 --> 33:12.773 And so you're not actually following the tradition. 33:15.557 --> 33:22.526 Now, in the West, with this crazy daylight savings time, for most of the year, you can actually eat until about 1. 33:25.089 --> 33:26.050 And it's still midday. 33:27.565 --> 33:27.906 Right? 33:27.986 --> 33:37.513 I mean, it's all psychological in a sense, but there's a power to this psychology, to the tradition of knowing that you're keeping the ancient rules. 33:39.579 --> 33:43.009 I mean, the practical 33:44.491 --> 34:13.131 the practice is meant or the thrust of it is to eat only once in the morning it's not like nowadays where monks will it's funny in most monasteries where I used to stay as soon as the dawn comes up they'd eat breakfast and then right before midday they'd eat lunch and it's not really the point the point was sometime during the morning you eat a meal usually say 9 o'clock the best time to eat is around 9 I would say 34:13.668 --> 34:17.493 Eat one meal at 9 and then you're good to go the rest of the day. 34:19.535 --> 34:27.845 Now the breakfast, the whole breakfast idea was to get something right away in your stomach when you, before alms round maybe. 34:29.627 --> 34:34.733 But something to sort of coat your stomach or get something in your stomach. 34:34.753 --> 34:38.798 It's good for you to have like rice soup or something. 34:42.085 --> 34:49.654 But as far as sleeping on high beds, that one's vague. 34:51.156 --> 34:54.800 But I would say probably you should sleep on the floor. 34:55.361 --> 35:00.968 Probably, if you're going to keep the precepts, the meaning is probably sleeping on the floor. 35:00.988 --> 35:02.049 Monks sleep on beds. 35:02.410 --> 35:06.034 And monks don't have this rule exactly. 35:06.453 --> 35:08.375 But we're not allowed to make high beds. 35:08.895 --> 35:11.198 We're allowed to sleep in them, but we're not allowed to make them. 35:12.519 --> 35:18.285 There's some odd sort of rules about that. 35:18.305 --> 35:21.108 The first thing to go whenever I get a room is the bed. 35:22.049 --> 35:28.855 I haven't slept in the, well, I've slept in the bed when I'm visiting places, but I haven't had a bed in my room in a long time. 35:28.875 --> 35:34.401 I remember when I was at Doi Setep, they had this big iron bed, and I had to drag it out of the room. 35:36.372 --> 35:37.174 Or maybe I didn't. 35:37.294 --> 35:38.917 Maybe I just put it off to the side. 35:38.937 --> 35:39.618 I can't remember. 35:39.639 --> 35:40.180 I had a big room. 35:43.005 --> 35:44.328 I think I got them to get rid of it. 35:45.811 --> 35:48.376 A bed is a useless device. 35:50.320 --> 35:51.462 It wastes space. 35:52.876 --> 35:56.784 The only thing good about a bed, I would say, is I think it might keep you out of the dust. 35:56.984 --> 36:00.451 Like if dust settles, it might be better for your breathing. 36:00.471 --> 36:06.923 I don't know if that's the case, but sleeping on the floor may have a problem as far as getting dust in your lungs. 36:07.885 --> 36:09.128 That's the only thing I can think of. 36:10.290 --> 36:14.378 But yeah, sleeping on the floor is probably a part of the eight precepts as well. 36:16.771 --> 36:18.293 So you can keep your precepts. 36:18.853 --> 36:20.615 You're not keeping the traditional precepts. 36:20.635 --> 36:23.077 But you have your precepts that are very similar. 36:23.117 --> 36:24.879 And that's, I think, the best you can do. 36:25.580 --> 36:28.143 Because you can't actually say you're keeping the eight precepts. 36:29.644 --> 36:30.185 I'm sorry. 36:30.205 --> 36:34.209 I mean, they're specific. 36:35.330 --> 36:41.496 And yeah, there's no 36:44.193 --> 36:45.355 Just keep your own precepts. 36:46.438 --> 36:47.901 Say you're keeping your eight precepts. 36:49.825 --> 36:54.073 And of course, you don't want to let everyone make up their own eight precepts. 36:55.336 --> 37:02.050 But you can feel good about the fact that your eight precepts are very, very similar to the Buddha's eight precepts. 37:02.090 --> 37:04.615 I think that's the best I could offer. 37:08.459 --> 37:20.300 What if a person doesn't eat dinner, eating only lunch, for reasons such as wanting to slim down, and just happens to also meet other precepts without the purposeful intention to take eight precepts? 37:21.101 --> 37:24.848 Is this person the same as someone who purposely takes the precepts? 37:25.722 --> 37:26.083 No. 37:26.905 --> 37:30.835 And I think I kind of hinted at it in the last question, the answer to the last question. 37:32.620 --> 37:41.503 The intention to keep the precepts is a big part of why it's such a great thing, is that you have this wholesome intention in your mind. 37:41.483 --> 37:46.149 You're intending to keep the precepts. 37:47.031 --> 37:55.041 Now as far as meditation goes, and as far as the true reason for a meditator to keep the precepts, it's nothing to do with going to heaven. 37:57.965 --> 38:04.234 Such a person would be in a good position to practice meditation if they were able to just by chance keep the precepts. 38:05.699 --> 38:10.724 And you could argue, as far as going to heaven, there's a lot of good that comes from them keeping the precepts. 38:10.784 --> 38:18.671 They avoid a lot of the problems, a lot of the defilements that come from potentially breaking the precepts. 38:18.691 --> 38:22.114 Like suppose you sleep on the floor just because, well, you don't have a bed or something. 38:22.134 --> 38:23.456 You're too poor to afford a bed. 38:24.256 --> 38:28.701 Well, then you're also free from all the luxury of having a bed, right? 38:28.721 --> 38:35.487 If you only eat in the morning for health reasons, well, you're also going to give up a lot of the attachment to food. 38:35.467 --> 38:38.611 I grew up, our parents were very keen on health food. 38:39.472 --> 38:42.897 And so I don't feel like I have a real strong attachment to food or ever did. 38:43.758 --> 38:47.503 Whereas I've seen other people who grew up with a very strong attachment to food. 38:48.624 --> 38:56.435 We ate whatever, you know, and we ate food based on its health content, not based on its flavor. 38:58.097 --> 39:03.364 We did when we were young, we did obsess whenever we had the chance to eat something tasty, but 39:04.171 --> 39:08.560 It never got to that extent because of the lifestyle. 39:08.580 --> 39:13.049 So if someone has that kind of a lifestyle, I would say there is benefit. 39:14.633 --> 39:17.378 It's not the same as actually intentionally keeping the precepts. 39:17.459 --> 39:22.890 Because there you're doing, you're saying, you're making a determination to be a good person, to do it for this reason. 39:23.812 --> 39:25.335 It's a real support in the practice. 39:30.580 --> 39:31.321 Hello, Bhante. 39:31.842 --> 39:35.166 I heard there is a rule for meditators to sleep only six hours. 39:35.866 --> 39:43.896 When I sleep only six hours for two nights in a row, my mind gets very distracted, stressed, tired, and much more clinging arises. 39:44.777 --> 39:48.562 It usually also leads to bad karma when I sleep less than seven hours. 39:49.363 --> 39:50.344 How should I deal with that? 39:51.005 --> 39:56.031 At the moment, I cling to eight hours of sleep because I can focus better on practicing during the day. 39:58.238 --> 40:09.293 Well, these six hours are for someone who is engaging in eight, 10 hours of meditation a day, and 12, maybe more hours of meditation a day. 40:09.313 --> 40:17.985 So there's probably quite a difference between your lifestyle and their lifestyle, for one thing. 40:17.965 --> 40:21.891 But to some extent, we're looking for a challenge. 40:22.151 --> 40:30.022 We're looking to put our mind in a position such that we'll be able to see these reactions. 40:30.723 --> 40:34.188 Not sleeping doesn't lead to bad karma. 40:34.929 --> 40:38.053 It doesn't make you stressed or clinging. 40:38.113 --> 40:39.495 It doesn't lead to stress or clinging. 40:41.598 --> 40:46.285 But your mind's reaction to these things 40:47.902 --> 40:56.196 And not only your mind's reaction, but the inability to act out your desire to sleep, say. 40:56.236 --> 40:59.982 Suppose you have this desire to sleep, but when you don't sleep, man, you really feel that desire. 41:00.644 --> 41:03.208 But when you do sleep, well, you're just acting on it. 41:03.869 --> 41:05.892 But the acting on it is the reinforcing. 41:06.914 --> 41:09.218 Letting the desire come and not giving in to it. 41:10.345 --> 41:16.832 and instead being mindful of it and just watching it, that actually changes the habit and it reduces the clinging. 41:17.974 --> 41:28.286 So we want to put ourselves in a position where we would normally get upset and then learn to experience these things without getting upset about them, without reacting to them. 41:29.167 --> 41:34.413 So sleeping less, even when it's difficult, is a really good challenge and a useful way of training. 41:34.433 --> 41:38.277 This is why they say about certain work and difficult things that it builds character. 41:39.893 --> 41:41.915 Because it challenges you to be better than that. 41:41.935 --> 41:45.600 It challenges you to be able to deal with things that you normally can't deal with. 41:46.301 --> 41:50.546 Sure, if you want easy, if you want comfortable, just go and sleep. 41:51.066 --> 41:53.609 But it doesn't actually benefit you. 41:54.550 --> 41:58.315 You're affirming your desire. 41:58.815 --> 42:08.567 You're affirming your low tolerance for stress and suffering. 42:13.357 --> 42:20.947 So do try to deal with these situations, these conditions, rather than sleeping lots of hours so you don't have to deal with them. 42:22.168 --> 42:25.452 But I wouldn't worry too much about sleeping very little. 42:26.273 --> 42:32.121 Six hours, six, seven hours is enough. 42:32.141 --> 42:38.689 I think even for someone who's not doing intensive meditation, it's a challenge. 42:44.423 --> 42:46.888 And then a question from a new meditator on the site. 42:48.210 --> 42:49.733 Where can I find the live stream and when? 42:53.761 --> 43:01.235 Yeah, well, it's supposed to they're working on it, it's going to eventually say when the next broadcast is, I think somewhere. 43:04.641 --> 43:06.324 But the broadcasts are at 9pm. 43:06.805 --> 43:07.326 My time. 43:10.546 --> 43:18.703 And I put a link to the audio that should be being broadcast right now and recorded. 43:18.743 --> 43:30.327 How should one best prepare for a meditation course? 43:32.652 --> 43:34.454 It depends which tradition, I suppose. 43:34.514 --> 43:44.844 If you're in a meditation course in our tradition with me, with us, you should prepare by reading my booklet, by beginning to meditate. 43:44.904 --> 43:47.747 The best way to prepare would be to do an online course. 43:47.787 --> 43:49.669 That's the best way. 43:49.729 --> 44:00.280 Do an online course, and we'll go through all the steps, and then we'll take you through it again intensively. 44:08.849 --> 44:10.170 I've done that with several people. 44:10.190 --> 44:13.073 I mean, I guess at the very least, start to practice. 44:15.015 --> 44:17.938 Because if you've started to practice, read my booklet, it helps. 44:18.338 --> 44:19.579 It helps a lot when you get here. 44:19.599 --> 44:21.001 You know what you're getting yourself into. 44:26.266 --> 44:28.167 Other than that, there's not much to worry about. 44:30.570 --> 44:31.651 We'll ease you into it. 44:32.892 --> 44:36.055 We don't start off forcing you to do many, many hours of meditation. 44:38.954 --> 44:53.589 But if you want some more practical tips on that, we do have a section on the website where a couple of us kind of did like a frequently asked question thing and gave some from our own experience what was helpful to us to kind of do ahead of time. 44:53.929 --> 45:04.540 Like for myself, giving up caffeine ahead of time was really helpful because that's a regular habit for me and there's no caffeine in the course, that sort of thing. 45:08.030 --> 45:12.477 When I'm doing sitting meditation, I'm aware of the different areas of my body that are rising and falling. 45:13.097 --> 45:16.302 It's usually first my stomach, then my chest, and my arms too. 45:17.023 --> 45:19.387 Should I be concentrating only on the stomach? 45:20.228 --> 45:26.978 You could note feeling, feeling if you feel those things, but I wouldn't worry too much about it, unless your mind gets taken away from you. 45:27.579 --> 45:32.586 When you watch the stomach rising and falling, there'll be other parts of your body that you'll be aware of. 45:33.325 --> 45:36.330 Don't be too specific or concerned about it. 45:36.370 --> 45:41.399 Just be aware of the rising and the falling centered around the stomach. 45:42.000 --> 45:44.144 It doesn't matter whether you're aware of the rest or not. 45:46.147 --> 45:51.216 But if it does take your attention away from the stomach, then you can focus on it and say, feeling, feeling. 45:56.427 --> 46:00.813 I'm new to meditation and I'm having difficulties focusing because of noisy neighbors. 46:01.394 --> 46:05.219 Can I listen to meditation sounds while I'm meditating until I'm better at it? 46:08.203 --> 46:08.423 No. 46:08.463 --> 46:11.007 I mean, focusing the noisy neighbors is a good thing. 46:12.509 --> 46:14.111 The important thing is not to focus. 46:14.211 --> 46:16.834 It's to focus on whatever you experience in that moment. 46:16.854 --> 46:18.717 So when you have noisy neighbors, focus on that. 46:18.777 --> 46:20.359 Focus on the sound. 46:20.575 --> 46:23.826 You can just stay with it, say, hearing, hearing, hearing. 46:25.130 --> 46:26.775 If you don't like it, you say, disliking. 46:26.795 --> 46:28.962 If you're frustrated, say, frustrated, frustrated. 46:28.982 --> 46:33.437 If you focus, if you listen to meditation sounds, you're running away from the problems. 46:34.075 --> 46:38.140 You're creating a crutch, and that's problematic. 46:38.200 --> 46:40.342 The intention to do that is problematic. 46:40.883 --> 46:46.830 The fact that you like those meditation, those quote-unquote meditation sounds, there's no such thing really in our tradition. 46:47.471 --> 46:58.083 But if you have sounds that are peaceful or calming, then you're only going to create an attachment to those sounds, an attachment to the states that they bring in your mind. 46:59.545 --> 47:03.930 You're not going to get better at it until you learn to deal with what is really there. 47:06.121 --> 47:07.864 There's no such thing as noisy neighbors. 47:07.904 --> 47:09.226 There's only sound in your ear. 47:10.067 --> 47:11.449 It arises and it ceases. 47:12.812 --> 47:19.923 Look at the sound and look at it as separate from your reactions to it. 47:19.943 --> 47:25.632 Fante, when you were down visiting New York City with the other monk, didn't you two go and meditate in the subways and things? 47:25.953 --> 47:26.273 We did. 47:27.738 --> 47:32.945 That was, I mean, the subways aren't that loud, I suppose, and it's just people walking sound. 47:33.606 --> 47:34.607 They're just talking as well. 47:34.948 --> 47:45.362 Oh, no, that was quite loud because there was, right next to us, there was someone on the saxophone, like across the hallway, so like 10, 15, 20 feet away. 47:46.964 --> 47:51.190 And they had an amplifier, and they were doing, you know, loud, loud music. 47:53.072 --> 47:55.195 So, yeah, I mean, it's just noise. 47:55.255 --> 47:55.956 It's just sound. 48:00.256 --> 48:06.807 Related to today's talk, can we say that our experiences are caused by the five causal factors, the yamas? 48:07.568 --> 48:07.848 No. 48:08.349 --> 48:09.411 No, we don't say. 48:09.451 --> 48:12.055 My point was we don't talk about such things. 48:12.075 --> 48:13.638 We don't answer such questions. 48:15.421 --> 48:17.665 Look at what the Buddha taught, and that's what we say. 48:18.867 --> 48:19.868 Don't say anything else. 48:19.948 --> 48:22.753 I know it seems too simple, and we want to come up with a view. 48:23.775 --> 48:24.095 Don't. 48:25.417 --> 48:27.040 Buddhism is not about views. 48:28.454 --> 48:30.697 saying that what we experience is because of this. 48:30.798 --> 48:31.138 No. 48:33.542 --> 48:35.885 Think of the Four Noble Truths and don't go beyond that. 48:40.472 --> 48:52.651 With sincerity, once dispassion is cultivated in meditation allowance and compassion then seems to arise, why is it that compassion succeeds dispassion? 48:53.171 --> 48:53.652 Thank you. 48:58.441 --> 49:15.066 succeeds well because we're better able to understand things objectively we're less inclined to be selfish you know 49:16.126 --> 49:35.738 As I was talking about before, the reason why we can't have kindness, compassion, altruistic joy, or appreciation, and equanimity is because of our attachment to our own problems. 49:36.832 --> 49:39.356 Our obsession with getting this, getting that. 49:40.418 --> 49:42.000 And so we stop caring about others. 49:42.181 --> 49:44.023 We stop empathizing. 49:44.584 --> 49:46.928 We stop being aware of everything else. 49:48.430 --> 49:49.212 Everything, you know. 49:49.592 --> 49:51.475 You become obsessed with getting. 49:52.617 --> 49:53.719 You look at a young child. 49:53.979 --> 49:58.326 When they get in their mind that they want something, nothing will distract them. 49:59.708 --> 50:01.371 Nothing will take their mind off of it. 50:04.135 --> 50:10.664 And so we're not open to being able to help people, which is really a natural state. 50:10.724 --> 50:17.152 If someone needs help, the natural inclination of a pure mind is to help them and do what you can. 50:20.817 --> 50:33.214 So with dispassion, meaning giving up your passions and being equanimous or objective, you're much better able to have love and compassion and appreciation and that kind of thing. 50:44.112 --> 50:49.240 I'm just looking back at people that maybe are new and aren't familiar with the question format. 50:50.682 --> 50:56.110 Hello, ,, although I have been meditating for some years now, I still get these moments of anger. 50:56.150 --> 50:59.855 Now I know this is a good opportunity to practice, and so I live with it. 51:00.456 --> 51:03.681 But after being angry, I feel ashamed and sometimes inferior. 51:04.502 --> 51:06.525 Did the Buddha ever say anything about shame? 51:12.293 --> 51:15.821 Yeah, I mean, he talked about it as the bad result of anger. 51:20.170 --> 51:24.480 I can't think of any place where he actually explained 51:28.831 --> 51:31.274 explained how to practice in relation to it. 51:31.334 --> 51:35.560 But I think that's because it's simply another case of anger. 51:36.421 --> 51:39.004 What you're talking about, shame, is just a disliking of yourself. 51:39.064 --> 51:40.526 It's actually self-hatred, right? 51:41.848 --> 51:42.469 Which is anger. 51:43.270 --> 51:46.374 So the Buddha talked about these things in simple terms, which is important. 51:46.554 --> 51:51.280 It's important not to overcomplicate things. 51:52.321 --> 51:54.484 If you're angry about the fact that you are angry, 51:55.527 --> 51:58.972 or angry about yourself for being angry or whatever, it's still anger. 51:58.992 --> 52:00.374 It's still disliking. 52:00.394 --> 52:01.575 So that's how you should note it. 52:03.778 --> 52:05.000 It makes things worse, really. 52:05.020 --> 52:07.383 It's putting another layer of anger on top of the anger. 52:07.844 --> 52:10.387 It's creating a habit of getting angry every time you get angry. 52:10.467 --> 52:18.659 So that habit becomes incredibly powerful. 52:18.919 --> 52:20.421 It's a powerful sort of anger. 52:23.827 --> 52:25.090 It's like a double whammy. 52:25.311 --> 52:33.271 I think that's what it means. 52:33.452 --> 52:35.136 You've caught up on all the questions, Bonte. 52:37.428 --> 52:37.829 All right. 52:38.289 --> 52:39.871 Well, thanks, everyone. 52:40.572 --> 52:43.797 I had to see we're still getting questions after questions. 52:43.817 --> 52:44.458 We were talking. 52:44.638 --> 52:51.247 I was just looking at some people talking about having an archive of the questions. 52:52.349 --> 53:05.207 And I think it'd be interesting if there's some way we could get transcripts, like if there was an answer, a question and answer that somebody felt was useful, beneficial. 53:05.187 --> 53:32.663 if they could like transcribe it and we can put it somewhere put together a bunch of text-based questions and answers that might be good yeah for sure there's the huge video archive of questions and answers but text-based would be nice yeah i mean the problem now is that we've got long videos with lots of questions and i'm not cutting them up anymore 53:33.605 --> 53:34.026 Right? 53:34.146 --> 53:37.591 That would be so much work with all the different questions every night. 53:38.592 --> 53:45.101 If there was something that someone based on what the users thought, if someone said, Hey, that's a good, that's good information. 53:46.202 --> 53:48.265 I can add it to a wiki someone doing the wiki. 53:54.554 --> 53:58.580 Sometimes I experience wanting but I can't find an object of wanting. 53:59.621 --> 54:01.063 Is there an object for wanting? 54:07.810 --> 54:08.451 Wanting. 54:08.491 --> 54:12.297 Yes, there's always an object. 54:12.497 --> 54:14.240 How could you have wanting without an object? 54:15.382 --> 54:16.804 What you want is happiness. 54:17.144 --> 54:21.992 What you want is something to please you, something to stimulate you. 54:23.494 --> 54:28.502 You're craving an experience that you've had before. 54:32.313 --> 54:33.114 Doesn't really matter. 54:33.134 --> 54:35.338 It's not actually important what the object is. 54:36.140 --> 54:38.504 What's important is that you say to yourself, one thing, one thing. 54:43.733 --> 54:47.740 But it arises based on a thought, a memory of something. 54:48.381 --> 54:49.323 Hey, that was fun. 54:50.625 --> 54:51.587 One thing, one thing. 54:59.532 --> 55:05.262 Bonte, there is a good version of shame as in Hiri, right? 55:05.943 --> 55:06.564 H-I-R-I. 55:06.644 --> 55:07.847 I'm not sure how to pronounce that. 55:08.548 --> 55:09.630 Yeah, it's not really shame. 55:10.511 --> 55:12.635 Not in the way we understand it. 55:13.857 --> 55:14.959 That's not even really the meaning. 55:15.780 --> 55:16.221 Shame. 55:16.361 --> 55:18.385 Hiri means... 55:24.068 --> 55:33.879 Hearing means a disinclination to do bad deeds based on their bad nature. 55:35.621 --> 55:44.730 is the other part of the couple is a disinclination to do evil deeds based on the result. 55:46.793 --> 55:48.034 It's not fear and shame. 55:49.347 --> 55:54.995 Fear and shame are unwholesome, from the English usage of the word. 56:10.917 --> 56:12.099 OK. Good night, everyone. 56:12.399 --> 56:13.060 Thanks, Robin.